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Research & References

Where the statements on this site come from. The references below concern nutrient biology and published research on individual ingredients. They do not constitute medical advice, product-level clinical proof, or FDA evaluation of Mega Restore. We cite what we relied on, including the studies that complicate our own case. A fuller list is available on request.

Coenzyme Q10 and ubiquinol

  1. Sood B, Patel P, Keenaghan M. Coenzyme Q10. StatPearls, updated 2024. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK531491
  2. Hidalgo-Gutiérrez A, et al. Metabolic targets of coenzyme Q10 in mitochondria. Antioxidants. 2021;10(4):520.
  3. Wang Y, Lilienfeldt N, Hekimi S. Understanding coenzyme Q. Physiological Reviews. 2024;104(4):1533–1610.
  4. Langsjoen PH, Langsjoen AM. Comparison study of plasma coenzyme Q10 levels in healthy subjects supplemented with ubiquinol versus ubiquinone. Clinical Pharmacology in Drug Development. 2014;3(1):13–17. doi.org/10.1002/cpdd.73
  5. Zhang Y, et al. Ubiquinol is superior to ubiquinone to enhance coenzyme Q10 status in older men. Food & Function. 2018;9(11):5653–5659.
  6. Pravst I, et al. Comparative bioavailability of different coenzyme Q10 formulations in healthy elderly individuals. Nutrients. 2020;12(3):784.
  7. Hosoe K, et al. Study on safety and bioavailability of ubiquinol after single and 4-week multiple oral administration to healthy volunteers. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. 2007;47(1):19–28.
  8. Kalén A, Appelkvist EL, Dallner G. Age-related changes in the lipid compositions of rat and human tissues. Lipids. 1989;24(7):579–584. doi.org/10.1007/BF02535072
  9. Mantle D, Dewsbury M, Hargreaves IP. The ubiquinone–ubiquinol redox cycle and its clinical consequences. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024;25(12):6765.
  10. Moreno-Fernández J, et al. Ubiquinol supplementation and exercise. Antioxidants. 2023;12(6):1193.
  11. Mizuno K, et al. Ubiquinol-10 intake for 12 weeks and fatigue in healthy adults. Nutrients. 2020;12(6):1640.
  12. Banach M, et al. Statin therapy and plasma coenzyme Q10 concentrations: a systematic review and meta-analysis of placebo-controlled trials. Pharmacological Research. 2015;99:329–336. pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26192349
  13. D'Adamo CR, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial comparing ubiquinone, ubiquinol and geranylgeraniol supplements on plasma CoQ10. Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism. 2026;5589963. doi.org/10.1155/jnme/5589963
  14. Fan L, et al. Effects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on inflammatory markers: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pharmacological Research. 2017;119:128–136. doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2017.01.032
  15. Qu H, et al. Can coenzyme Q10 supplementation reduce exercise-induced muscle damage and oxidative stress in athletes? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice. 2025;60:102001. doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2025.102001
  16. Díaz-Castro J, et al. Coenzyme Q10 supplementation ameliorates inflammatory signaling and oxidative stress associated with strenuous exercise. European Journal of Nutrition. 2012;51(7):791–799. doi.org/10.1007/s00394-011-0257-5
  17. Hathcock JN, Shao A. Risk assessment for coenzyme Q10 (ubiquinone). Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. 2006;45(3):282–288. doi.org/10.1016/j.yrtph.2006.05.006

Vitamin K2 (menaquinone-7)

  1. National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements. Vitamin K: Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. ods.od.nih.gov
  2. Schurgers LJ, et al. Vitamin K-containing dietary supplements: comparison of synthetic vitamin K1 and natto-derived menaquinone-7. Blood. 2007;109(8):3279–3283.
  3. Sato T, Schurgers LJ, Uenishi K. Comparison of menaquinone-4 and menaquinone-7 bioavailability in healthy women. Nutrition Journal. 2012;11:93.
  4. Beulens JWJ, et al. The role of menaquinones (vitamin K2) in human health. British Journal of Nutrition. 2013;110(8):1357–1368.
  5. Theuwissen E, et al. Low-dose menaquinone-7 supplementation improved extra-hepatic vitamin K status, but had no effect on thrombin generation in healthy subjects. British Journal of Nutrition. 2012;108(9):1652–1657.
  6. Theuwissen E, et al. Effect of low-dose supplements of menaquinone-7 on the stability of oral anticoagulant treatment. Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2013.
  7. Riphagen IJ, et al. Prevalence and effects of functional vitamin K insufficiency. Nutrients. 2017;9(12):1334.
  8. Du F, et al. Vitamin K2 and bone health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Nutrition. 2023;130(11):1885–1897.
  9. Rønn SH, et al. Three-year menaquinone-7 supplementation trial at 375 mcg in postmenopausal women with osteopenia. 2021. (A three-year trial at a higher dose than ours; included so the picture is complete.)
  10. Knapen MHJ, et al. Menaquinone-7 supplementation improves arterial stiffness in healthy postmenopausal women: a double-blind randomised clinical trial. Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2015;113(5):1135–1144. doi.org/10.1160/TH14-08-0675
  11. Su X, et al. Vitamin K2 alleviates insulin resistance in skeletal muscle by improving mitochondrial function via SIRT1 signaling. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling. 2021;34(2):99–117. (Mouse and cell study.) doi.org/10.1089/ars.2019.7908
  12. Nikpayam O, et al. Effect of menaquinone-7 supplementation on anthropometric measurements, glycemic indices and lipid profiles: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Prostaglandins & Other Lipid Mediators. 2025;177:106970. doi.org/10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2025.106970

Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)

  1. National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements. Vitamin D: Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. ods.od.nih.gov
  2. Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency. New England Journal of Medicine. 2007;357(3):266–281.
  3. Carlberg C. Genome-wide (over)view on the actions of vitamin D. Frontiers in Physiology. 2014;5:167.
  4. Liu PT, et al. Toll-like receptor triggering of a vitamin D–mediated human antimicrobial response. Science. 2006;311(5768):1770–1773.
  5. Gombart AF, Borregaard N, Koeffler HP. Human cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide gene is a direct target of the vitamin D receptor. FASEB Journal. 2005;19(9):1067–1077.
  6. Tripkovic L, et al. Comparison of vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 supplementation in raising serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D status: a systematic review and meta-analysis. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2012;95(6):1357–1364.
  7. Gallagher JC, Yalamanchili V, Smith LM. The effect of vitamin D on calcium absorption in older women. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2012;97(10):3550–3556.
  8. Ekwaru JP, et al. The importance of body weight for the dose response relationship of oral vitamin D supplementation and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in healthy volunteers. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(11):e111265.
  9. Cui A, et al. Global and regional prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in population-based studies from 2000 to 2022. Frontiers in Nutrition. 2022;9:965376.
  10. Institute of Medicine (now the National Academy of Medicine). Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. 2011. Sets the tolerable upper intake level of 4,000 IU/day for adults.

Regulatory context

  1. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Structure/Function Claims. fda.gov
  2. Federal Trade Commission. Health Products Compliance Guidance. ftc.gov

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
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